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When European settlers arrived in the Americas, historians estimate there were over 10 million Native Americans living there. By 1900, their estimated population was under 300,000. Native Americans were subjected to many different forms of violence, all with the intention of destroying the community. In the late 1800s, blankets from smallpox patients were distributed to Native Americans in order to spread disease. There were several wars, and violence was encouraged; for example, European settlers were paid for each Penobscot person they killed. In the 19th century, 4,000 Cherokee people died on the Trail of Tears, a forced march from the southern U.S. to Oklahoma. In the 20th century, civil rights violations were common, and discrimination continues to this day.
RECOMMENDED RESOURCES
Books
Alex Alvarez – Native America and the question of genocide
Ward Churchill – A little matter of genocide: holocaust and denial in the Americas, 1492 to the present
Alexander Laban Hinton – Hidden genocides: power, knowledge, memory
Leslie Alan Horvitz – Encyclopedia of war crimes and genocide
Ben Kiernan – Blood and soil: a world history of genocide and extermination from Sparta to Darfur
Alexander Mikaberidze – Atrocities, massacres, and war crimes: an encyclopedia
David E. Stannard – American Holocaust: the conquest of the New World
Andrew John Woolford – Colonial genocide in indigenous North America
Search Terms
Genocide — North America — History
Genocide — United States — History
Indians of North America — Colonization
Indians of North America — Social conditions
Indians of North America — Violence against
Indians, Treatment of — North America — History
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Online Resources
Jeffrey Ostler – Genocide and American Indian History
Brenden Rensink – Genocide of Native Americans: Historical Facts and Historiographic Debates [PDF]
United to End Genocide – Atrocities Against Native Americans
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